Case Study - Evaluating the Purchase of an Asset with Various Capital

Programming for BIG Data Project

Programming for BIG Data Project Liliam Faraon These days, the measure of information created and put away without an activity has surpassed an information investigation capacity without the utilization of computerized examination procedures. The exponential development of information is more prominent than it has ever been seen, separating helpful data from all the information created and change it into justifiable and usable data is the test. There is the place information mining expect a significant job, a lot of devices are accessible for information mining errands utilizing man-made consciousness, calculations, AI and numerous others. In the current work two datasets were broke down, one with R and the other one Python. All the examination was situated in the CRISP-DM essential ideas: Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation and Deployment. The full system was not applied in the undertaking, however understanding pieces of its procedure was principal, the means are really straight forward and give a generally excellent thought of each phase that information mining needs to experience and the criticism brought from each stage. The venture extension is restricted to distinguishing designs in the information instead of anticipating future, which could be inspected as a major aspect of further investigation of the topic. The current Project was partitioned into two unique parts: Part 1: R Dataset Analysis and Part 2: Python Dataset Analysis. It contains additionally a short contextualization about the Big Data Context and the significance of information mining. We live in when the quest for information is crucial. Today, data accept a developing significance, and a need for any part of human movement, because of the numerous changes we are seeing. At each second, we are confronting new ideas and patterns and we are stunned at how rapidly they are happening and influencing our lives, for example, the innovation that impacts all segments, social conditions and contacts each business and life on the planet. The article composed by Bernard Marr, and distributed by Forbes a year ago brings a few measurements that persuade that large information actually needs consideration: More information has been made in the previous multi year than in the whole history of human race; By 2020 around 1.7 megabytes of new data will be produced each second for each person on the planet. Consistently we make new information, a genuine model: just on Google 40.000 quests and inquiries are created each second, which makes the immense measure of 1.2 trillion hunts per year. Facebook clients send on normal 31.25 million messages and view 2.77 million recordings consistently. Just in 2015, 1 trillion photographs were taken and billions of them were shared on line. In 2015, over 1.4 billion advanced mobile phones were dispatched, all equipped for gathering various sorts of information and by 2020 the world will have over 6.1 billion cell phone clients all around. Inside five years there will be more than 50 billion keen associated gadgets around the world, all created to gather, break down and share information. Retailers that influence the full intensity of huge information would have the option to expand their working by as much as 60%. Presently, just under 0.5% of information is investigated. All the Big Data created, have a few qualities: Rapid expanding volume, assortment, speed and information stockpiling and move, assembling and dissecting everything turned into a colossal test, however by utilizing explicit projects intended to examine the data on calculations based will conquer the difficulties and the yield can be utilized to empower the dynamic procedure. For the R Project, an unmistakable database was examined: Tourists Visiting the South of Brazil, The data was gotten in the Government site, in the Tourism division. 1.1 Business Understanding The travel industry is a significant area that affects improvement of country economy. For some nations, the travel industry is the most significant wellspring of salary and occupations age. Brazil is the fifth greatest nation on the planet with 8,511,965 sq km of territory and the country is isolated into 5 locales: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South Regions. The Best in Travel 2014, by Lonely Planet direct characterized Brazil as the best visitor goal in 2014. As per the official Brazilian Tourism Website Around 6 million individuals visit the nation consistently, it is viewed as the fundamental touristic showcase in South America and the second in Latin America. It is evaluated that just around 17% of all travelers visiting Brazil go toward the South locale, made by three States: Parana, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Having as a main priority those numbers and the information that the most visited puts in Brazil do exclude the South of the nation a dataset was broke down to get some data and discover what number of guests have been there and where they were from. 1.2 Data Understanding Source information: http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/estat%C3%ADsticas-e-indicadores.html Organization: csv, comma-isolated Size: 3.46MB Number of lines: 73.392 Sections: 1 Continent 2 Country 3 State 4 Year 5 Month 6 Count The advances utilized were Excel and R Studio. 1.3 Data Preparation The first downloaded adaptation had 534.792 columns, it incorporated the travel industry data from all the 26 states and it depended on information from 1989 to 2015. It was a very tremendous dataset that would not be advantageous to separate helpful yields as Brazil had experienced numerous financial and social changes in this period. Exceed expectations was utilized to bar the data from different states just as the years prior to 2005. As the dataset was totally given in Portuguese Language the code was utilized to encourage representation: The following stage was taking a gander at the information, for a superior getting, Dimensions, Names, Classes and Summaries codes were composed: Results: Some table codes were composed to check every mix of factor levels: Results: The code round was rushed to determine number of decimal spots: Results: 1.4 Modeling A Linear Model was composed to create a superior information representation and investigation of fluctuation: Â â A few charts were produced to have a superior comprehension about what number of voyagers visiting every one of the states: A Bar plot was produced for better perception: Similar parameters were utilized to produce pie diagrams: Parana with 33,01% and Santa Catarina with 29,48% have a fundamentally the same as number of guests and Rio Grande do Sul is the most visited place with 37,51%. With a smidgen of research the rate can be comprehended, as Rio Grande do Sul is the bigger of the three states, having more alternatives for the guests and Some of the greatest assembling enterprises plants in the nation are situated around there. In the wake of imagining where the sightseers go it is critical to know where they originate from. Hence, a few charts were likewise produced: Realistic: Similar parameters were utilized to create some different illustrations: In the wake of investigating secluded data, a diagram relating year and states was created: It was likewise produced a realistic posting all nations that visited the South of Brazil in the period: A flowchart was intended to speak to the calculation work process: Preparing information for a plot: 1.5 Evaluation Arranging the dataset into designs and tables encouraged information perception and brought some significant proof that can be utilized for some reasons, uncommonly advertising reasons, on characterizing an activity plan dependent on what should be possible to carry more travelers toward the south district. The charts demonstrating the rates of travelers, were the ones that grabbed the eye, Europe had the bigger number of guests with 37,7%, trailed by South America with 22%, Asia with 11,7%, Africa with 9,2%, Central America and Caribbean with 8,8%, North America with 5,5% and finally Oceania with 5,1%. Taking a gander at these extents a couple of inquiries were raised and look into was fundamental. Some significant realities appeared: the dataset brings just the quantity of individuals going for relaxation purposes, it doesn't check the measure of individuals on business, with could affect on the numbers, particularly from North America, the same number of them visit the nation for business purposes and expand their stay on vacations. Another significant factor is that the data was gathered in the principal stop in the nation, and all the three states in the South don't have a huge air terminal, as a rule they show up by association flights originating from Sã £o Paulo or Rio de Janeiro, where the fundamental global air terminals are arranged. The last significant component that could affect on the quantity of guests, is the way that the south of Brazil doesn't have a tight control of their fringes and numerous individuals show up via land, generally driving from different nations in South America. As said before the travel industry segment can be very investigated and it can affect in the income age. As indicated by the International Congress Convention Association (ICCA) Brazil is the host of numerous universal occasions in Latin America and the seventh on the planet, so why not influence on the data brought and pull in each one of those occasions toward the South of Brazil? The numbers in the dataset look a piece unreasonably comparative for consistently identified with the check of individuals visiting the states, yet anyway it gives valuable data. It is likewise critical to see that Brazil is additionally gotten to by vessel and land, extraordinarily by voyagers originating from Central and South America, as there is no outskirt control a portion of the numbers may be somewhat unique. The undertaking extension is constrained to recognizing designs in the information instead of foreseeing future which could be inspected as a major aspect of further investigation of the topic. 2.1 Business Understanding Each time a well known individual passes away the media makes news; a few passings even take the components of embarrassments, particularly when there is the suspect of a self destruction, individuals follow the reports everywhere throughout the world. The time of 2016 appeared to be very s

Mistakes to Avoid in E-Commerce

Mistakes to Avoid in E-Commerce Though it often seems simple to set up an online store and create a virtual business, there are several easy to make mistakes that many entrepreneurs fall prey to. © Shutterstock.com | Lucky BusinessIn this article we will look at 1) the importance of e-commerce design, 2) important considerations in e-commerce endeavors, and 3) mistakes to avoid.IMPORTANCE OF E-COMMERCE DESIGNE-commerce in Today’s WorldThe internet has provided a unique platform to communicate and do business with others. The online e-commerce experience provides speed, convenience and widespread access to products and buyers. All these aspects make it an important medium for both buyers and sellers.For these reasons, it is vital for any business to keep a focus on expanding its online business and make the best use of this option to expand and grow. For entrepreneurs and small business owners, it is especially vital because it offers a chance to do business with less overhead costs and investment.E-commerce Model BasicsE-commerce involves buying and selling on products and services through an electronic medium using an electronic payment system. Transactions can be busines s to business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C) or even Consumer to Consumer (C2C).Through online stores, customers can make purchases at any time during the day at their convenience. The website serves as a storefront with product displays, sales and promotions, order processing, payment and delivery. The experience is the same as a physical store except it is not bound by a specific time and there is less face to face interaction.As with physical stores, e-commerce merchants have the task of communicating with the customer to showcase their business and let the customer know what is being offered. There are several ways in which a merchant can market to a customer. Some of these methods include email, website banners, classified advertisements and blogs. It is vital for these businesses to build trust and strong relationships with clients, both potential and existing ones. This can be achieved through quality products, efficient service and dedicated customer care.E-commerce Model OptionsFor a company to achieve success in the world of e-commerce, there are several important factors to consider. The three basic pillars are:Brand Image: The company must ensure that nay e-commerce presence and activity is in keeping with the brand image of the business and its strategy.Align with Culture: Similar to the public facing brand, the company’s internal culture should also align with online presence. The company should conduct business in the online world the same way it does in the physical world.Align with Existing Channels: If the company does business already, any existing channels should be aligned with the online channels.Types of E-commerce SitesThere are several different ways in which e-commerce sites are structured and do business. Whatever the model selected, it needs to follow the above three considerations. In addition, there needs to be careful planning to ensure that the online experience is smooth and issue free.Some of these models are:Single Brand : A brand creates its unique online store and presence such as Louis Vuitton, Gap or Hermes.Marketplace: This is a virtual shopping mall where multiple brands and categories are available. Amazon, eBay, and Rakuten.com are examples of marketplaces.Vertical Marketplace: This is a marketplace which focuses on a specific segment of products such as Zappos and Zalando for shoes and Toys R us.Community Marketplace: This is a type of marketplace built around a lifestyle, s shared mindset or goal. Etsy, Craigslist or SkullCandy are examples of this.Crossover Stores: These are stores that are brick and click which means stores that have a strong physical as well as online presence. These include stores such as Target, Walmart, Crate and Barrel, and Barnes and Noble.Social Commerce: Often, e-commerce retailers set up a shop on Facebook or run promotional campaigns through different social media outlets.IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN E-COMMERCE ENDEAVORSIt is a common misconception that setting up an online business is a simple task and leads to quick results. This is not the case. The real challenge is to create the right website that highlights the product, identifies a need to meet and pulls in the right audience. The second challenge is to ensure that all logistical and fulfillment issues are anticipated and planned for. There are four basic things that every entrepreneur needs to consider before setting up an e-commerce site.Turn Your Idea Into A Niche: Chances are that most great ideas have been thought about by others as well. Rather than attempt to enter a competitive or saturated market, it is a good idea to consider if the idea can be converted to serve a niche market. This makes it easier to differentiate and stand out from the crowd.Test Your Idea: Sometimes, before launching on a bigger scale with more inventory and setup costs, it is a good idea to do a test run. A good way of doing this is to setup a blog and try to generate traffic and interest. This will h elp gauge customer reaction and demand, as well as help through teething issues associated with selling a particular product.Understand Search Engine Optimization: For e-commerce sites, SEO can make the difference between high traffic and very few site visitors. A bulk of visitors to the site are driven through search engines and for this there needs to be an understanding and correct usage of SEO techniques and tactics. There is a right way of using SEO which will lead to interested and returning customers and a wrong way which will lead to search engine oblivion. A good SEO program should:     Create content that is linkable     Write guest posts for other relevant blogs to direct traffic to your site     Become active in relevant forums to keep updated in your area as well as to get links from your posts.Research the Right Platform for Your Business: These days, most people can learn to setup their own shop without the help of developers or a lot of monetary investment. With some time and patience, the chosen system can be learned easily. There are many choices available however and the decision to place products for sale through one of these needs to be made very carefully. Migrating to a new one can be a difficult task so choosing the right one to begin with becomes extremely vital.MISTAKES TO AVOIDBusiness MistakesAlthough it appears that online selling is now an established phenomenon, the business model is still in the process of refinement. Everything about an online store is not the same as that of a physical store and these differences need to be understood and addressed carefully. Some common mistakes made by e-commerce store owners include:Treating An Online Store The Same As A Physical Store: If an e-commerce site is an addition to a physical store, it is important to build this new store from the ground up and not merely make an attempt to replicate it as-is from the existing store. Often, popular items sold in store will be different from items that become popular online. There are also different methods and techniques to attract and retain customers and convert to sales.Not Giving Customer Service its Due Importance: Given the detached nature of an online store, it becomes absolutely necessary to create excellent, reliable and effective customer service to help customers out in case of a problem or a confusion. This allows the business to add a personal touch to the online operation.Remaining Anonymous: Rather than buy from a faceless store, customers who shop online often want to be able to see who is running the business. This personal story and a face allow the customers to relate to a store or its products and this in turn fosters loyalty and possibly return customers.Complicated Checkout Processes: Vital to the online experience is the shopping cart or checkout process. There needs to be an easy way for people to complete their purchase with multiple payment options and fewer steps.Confused Product Mix: Since there are seldom space constraints in an online store, a store owner may be tempted to offer a varied and complicated mix of products. Instead of focusing on too many things, it is a better idea to build value within a niche category.Lack of Strong Website Content: Though there may be a tendency to think that the product speaks for itself, this is a misconception. A well written product description may be what directs a customer to the website and what convinces them to actually buy. Every word counts and often it may be a good idea to hire a professional to develop sound, SEO strong content for the website.Stagnant Products or Content: Once a website has been developed, it needs constant attention and cannot be ignored. New items need to be added, out of stock things need to be removed and special holiday sales and promotions required to keep the content relevant. An accompanying blog that features related posts is a good way of keeping the website interesting and alive.Lack of Marketing : Beyond a good website and SEO, a site owner will need to focus on the right marketing and promotion tools to reach the right audience at the right time. This needs to be an ongoing activity because lots of traffic to the site will be meaningless unless it is the intended audience.Inefficient Delivery and Fulfillment: A key aspect of e-commerce is the fulfillment. It is not as simple as putting an item in a box and sending it on. Instead, every aspect from the packaging, insurance, mode of transport and delivery time need to be taken into account. Customers expect the shortest possible delivery times and reliable service and this process needs to be fine-tuned to avoid dissatisfied customers. Common Small Business MistakesWith small businesses, there is the possibility that the business owner is attempting to fill most of the roles themselves. In this case, there is often a chance for certain mistakes to be made. Some of these include:Poor Website Design: A business owner may not b e well versed in website design and as a result a poorly designed website may mean a lack of sales and traffic.Lack of Contact Information: There is a tendency for small businesses to leave off contact information. This is a grave mistake and may put off many would-be customers.Lack of Metrics: There may be less time for a business owner to focus on metrics for their business and the website. This means that the owner will not be able to measure performance and understand customer needs and trends.Poor SEO: Often, search engine optimization may not be focused on as much as is needed. Or the website may not be update as regularly as needed to keep it relevant during searches.Lack of Social Media Linkage: In the current internet age, linking e-commerce sites to related social media presence is a vital component of the business model. Successful site owners build up a presence and personality through social media and use this to drive traffic to their stores.Lack of Mobile Optimization : Increasingly, a large number of people are using smartphones to log onto the internet. This is why it becomes necessary to ensure that the website is optimized for viewing on a handheld device such as a phone or a tablet.Lack of IT Support: A site owner may not be a tech savvy person and this means that when it comes to bugs, errors and security threats, the website may be vulnerable and exposed. Website Design MistakesThere are some common website design mistakes that many businesses make. These mistakes are not exclusive to small businesses but are often seen in bigger stores as well. Seemingly obvious, these mistakes can cost a business and cause lost revenue.Design Layout to Encourage Further Shopping: In a bricks-and-mortar store, there is significant cost associated with construction. As a result, there is more attention paid to layout and design than in an online store. This is a costly mistake. In a physical grocery store for example, there are small items placed at or nea r checkout that are often added to purchases ensuring that a customer buys more than they intended. The importance is store layout is highlighted by this aspect and can be remedied by understanding customer buying behavior and interests. Related items and ‘things you may like’ are a good way of achieving this.Complicated Checkout: It is, unfortunately, fairly common for online stores to make customers go through long and complicated steps to complete their order once items have been added to the cart. If a customer is showing a serious intent to purchase, the rest of the process should be as smooth as possible to make the experience painless and enjoyable. Multiple payment options are also necessary to facilitate customers.Required Registration: Relating to the checkout issue, online stores often force people to sign up for an account before they can complete their order. From a customer’s perspective, this is another complication in the way of order placement. The business sh ould prioritize the customer and sale over recording customer information. A solution is to offer the customer an option to save their information to help other future purchases go smoothly and efficiently.Too Much Focus on Conversion Rates: Though an important indicator of success, businesses often make the mistake of overlooking wider implications for the financial health of the store in a bid to increase conversion rates. Average order value is another important metric that can help assess conversion rate and any attempt to tweak should result in optimization for both of these areas.Poorly Designed Site Search Function: Often, a customer may be after a specific item and would like to speed up the process by searching for it directly through a search bar. This is why a functioning search engine with filters is a necessary feature for a website. Along with filters, there should be options to refine and sort results according to criteria such as newest, priced low to high, priced hi gh to low or popular items.Inadequate Images: Product images are a key characteristic of any online store. Since customers cannot experience the product, they need to be able to clearly see it in a well taken photo. They should also have the option of viewing from different angles, zooming in to specific areas and possibly see the item in use in photos.Incomplete Shipping Information: All shipping costs should be communicated to the customer at the time of purchase and checkout. There should be no hidden costs or costs to be communicated at a later time. If there is uncertainty, then a flat rate can be applied that covers any changes to the cost.Missing Store Policies: Any shipping policies, return and exchange policies or frequently asked questions should be mentioned clearly and in detail to avoid any confusion.

The Legacy of Darwins On the Origin of Species

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species on November 24, 1859 and forever changed the way humans think about science. Its not an exaggeration to say that Darwins landmark work became one of the most influential books in history. Decades earlier, the British naturalist and scholar had spent five years sailing around the world aboard a research ship, H.M.S. Beagle. After returning to England, Darwin spent years in quiet study, examining plant and animal specimens. The ideas he expressed in his classic book in 1859 did not occur to him as sudden bursts of inspiration, but were developed over a period of decades. Research Led Darwin to Write At the end of the Beagle voyage, Darwin arrived back in England on October 2, 1836. After greeting friends and family he distributed to scholarly colleagues a number of specimens he had collected during the expedition around the world. Consultations with an ornithologist confirmed that Darwin had discovered several species of birds, and the young naturalist became fascinated with the idea that some species seemed to have replaced other species. As Darwin began to realize that species change, he wondered how that happened. The summer after returning to England, in July 1837, Darwin began a new notebook and took to writing down his thoughts on transmutation, or the concept of one species transforming into another. For the next two years Darwin essentially argued with himself in his notebook, testing out ideas. Malthus Inspired Charles Darwin In October 1838 Darwin re-read Essay on the Principle of Population, an influential text by the British philosopher Thomas Malthus. The idea advanced by Malthus, that society contains a struggle for existence, struck a chord with Darwin. Malthus had been writing about people struggling to survive in the economic competition of the emerging modern world. But it inspired Darwin to begin thinking of species of animals and their own struggles for survival. The idea of survival of the fittest began to take hold. By the spring of 1840, Darwin had come up with the phrase natural selection, as he wrote it in the margin of a book on horse breeding he was reading at the time. In the early 1840s, Darwin had essentially worked out his theory of natural selection, which holds that organisms best suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce, and thus become dominant. Darwin began writing an extended work on the subject, which he likened to a pencil sketch and which is now known to scholars as the Sketch. The Delay in Publishing On the Origin of Species It is conceivable that Darwin could have published his landmark book in the 1840s, yet he did not. Scholars have long speculated on the reasons for the delay, but it seems that its simply because Darwin kept amassing information he could use to present a lengthy and well-reasoned argument. By the mid-1850s Darwin began working on a major project  that would incorporate his research and insights. Another biologist, Alfred Russel Wallace, was working in the same general field, and he and Darwin were aware of each other. In June 1858 Darwin opened a package sent to him by Wallace, and found a copy of a book Wallace had been writing. Inspired in part by the competition from Wallace, Darwin resolved to push ahead and publish his own book. He realized he could not include all his research, and his original title for his work in progress referred to it as an abstract. Darwins Landmark Book Published in November 1859 Darwin finished a manuscript, and his book, titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races In the Struggle for Life, was published in London on November 24, 1859. (Over time, the book became known by the shorter title On the Origin of Species.) The original edition of the book was 490 pages, and had taken Darwin about nine months to write. When he first submitted chapters to his publisher John Murray, in April 1859, Murray had reservations about the book. A friend of the publisher wrote to Darwin and suggested he write something quite different, a book on pigeons. Darwin politely brushed that suggestion aside, and Murray went ahead and published the book Darwin intended to write. On the Origin of Species turned out to be quite a profitable book for its publisher. The initial press run was modest, only 1,250 copies, but those sold out in the first two days of sale. The following month a second edition of 3,000 copies also sold out, and the book continued selling through successive editions for decades. Darwins book generated countless controversies, as it contradicted the biblical account of creation and seemed to be in opposition to religion. Darwin himself remained mostly aloof from the debates and continued his research and writing. He revised On the Origin of Species through six editions, and he also published another book on evolutionary theory, The Descent of Man, in 1871. Darwin also wrote prolifically about cultivating plants. When Darwin died in 1882, he was given a state funeral in Britain and was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the grave of Isaac Newton. His status as a great scientist had been assured by the publication of On the Origin of Species.

The Term Relationship Goals Is A Popular Description That...

{Relationship Goals} The term relationship goals is currently a popular description that millions of people throw around with the help sarcasm in social media to describe friendships, intimate relationships, and even family relationships. What if we have it all wrong? What if we really do need to put relationship goals in front of ourselves? No, I am not talking about inmate relationship goals. I am talking about distant relatives or acquaintances that you know could be beneficial or educational. I am particularly referring to relationships with our grandparents. We know the benefits, we see them all around, but have we reached the relationship goal that we want? I struggle with this question all the time. Have I reached my relationship goal with my grandparents? My initial answer is yes, since I consider two eighty years olds as some of my best friends. I consider my grandparental relationship goal met. However, I realize my answer is deceitful. The honest truth is hard for me to ad mit, I have four living grandparents and I do not have an existing relationship with my paternal grandparents. For years this question has haunted me. Maybe it is time I took a look at the bigger picture. A picture that does not exist in my memory only imagined. Over time I have hardened and know that a two year old has a better chance at respecting their grandparents than I do. Realizing that I never put a relationship goal in front of myself. I have to ask myself in a respectful way whyShow MoreRelatedWal-Mart: a Human Resources Perspective3847 Words   |  16 Pagesoperations in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, and the United Kingdom. (www.walmartstores.com) Wal-Mart Stores employs more than two million associates worldwide; this includes more than 1.4 million in the United States alone according to the company’s corporate fact sheet. 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Taxation Business Taxpayer

Question: Describe about the Taxation for Business Taxpayer. Answer: 1. Issue Based upon the given information it is known about Petra that he is a taxpayer and has retrieved a whole sum of $600,000 from the tennis court sale. The main objective is to calculate the various laid out facts and then surmise and state whether it falls under the ordinary income or not (Clark, 1990). Rule Every taxpayer income cannot be treated as assessable for tax permits. As per the advocating statement under ITAA 1997 it has been subjected to two main divisions as underlined: Section 6(5) - Under this classification, income is referred as one that is derived as per the concepts present under ordinary description. It doesnt have any confined definition, and thus the scope is laid as an undefined orientation which clusters doubtful meaning in getting the exact determination of this assessable income under this section (Chase, 1991). However, in order to grasp the definition and classification of income as per the tax ruling and case laws in conformity with section 6(5) three central derivation must be depicted in order to extract that of ordinary income as under: Income earned during an engagement in personal exertion- For example, the income generated in case of employment or engagement in various activities where the taxpayer can exercise to produce commercial value (Roney, 1926). Income earned from investments made in property - For example, the rent income from owned property, various investment, dividend received from share investments and bank balanced received interest Income earned by conducting a business activity- The statement made under TR 97/11 is quite crucial and applied to make sure stating that this activity of the taxpayer should be wholly categorized as business and not a hobby (Royse, 1987). Section 15(15) Any hidden transaction that taxpayer put into execution to earn a profit will bring potential gains. This notable highlights decision is made under the section of the Antlers Pty Ltd v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation 97 ATC 4192 case. As per this case the taxpayer is not involved in any business segment, so profit is seen from the time of activity outbreak thus executes the same. Application Here Peta is seen to be buying a house having two tennis courts. Her intention over this matter is given under: This property residence can be her permanent to reside with the family. There will be an ideal ground provided by tennis court which later on can be liquidated to earn profits. Before Peta starts building units on the tennis court, she receives an offer from local tennis club indicating their absolute interest upon her court and willing to buy it. However, this was a condition basis and demanded that the property should be restored. Since Peta could see a huge profit from the selling thus, she cancelled her plans about setting up units. The tennis court required a sum of $100,000 where lot other actives to be done (Schaller et al., 1988). Again after restoration, the court goes and into the hands of the tennis club and Peta get a payment of $600,000. The sum amounting to $600,000 is out of the extension of income as per the section 6(5). It is because the case has no detailed description regarding Petas real estate development or restoration of tennis courts (Royse, 1987). This money received from the sale would have proceeded as a business income if Peta were on a regular basis of renovating and selling courts type business. But since Peta initial intention was to build additional units there at the place, therefore, this is not the case. Conclusion This discussion state that selling of tennis court is not subjected as ordinary income stated per section 6(5) even if it falls under the boundary of assessable income under section 15(15). 2. Issue As per the benefits that Alan receives from his employer core detailed is to the question entitled that describes his underlying FTB liability. Rule Potential FTB liability is calculated over fringe benefits as per the provision under FBTAA 1986. In this matter section, 58X clearly excludes the mobile nature over FBT if its imputed only for work purpose (Roney, 1926). Again, remuneration of overhead does not account any fringe benefit given to the employee. Further, those fringe benefits that lies within $300 does not bring into FBT liability according to the law benefit absolution clause. School fees School fees fall under personal expense. Thus the employer gets the extension of the fringe benefit. Value subject to FBT on account of school fees = Total fees paid by employer * Gross up factor The value of gross up factor is periodically adjusted and is also driven by the classification of goods as Type 1 or Type 2 based on whether GST applies or not (Gilders et. al., 2015). FBT payable on school fees = 0.49* (Value subject to FBT on account of school fees) Dinner The matter that employer acquires food expenses other than the business house, then meals that arise out of fringe benefit would be elongated. For computing the FBT liability on meal benefit the employer can make two approaches. The employer makes a choice seeing the guest formation and calculating the guests (Schaller et al., 1988). Since upon food expenses no deduction can be claimed so at the time of client the employer intends on reducing the total expenses keeping in mind the computation analysis of the FBT liability. If the employer incurs food expense outside the business premises, then fringe benefit related to meals would be extended. With regards to the computation of FBT liability on meal benefit, the employer has a choice to make as two alternative approaches are available. Here methods are discussed for calculating FT over meal related fringe benefits. Actual Method This method is taken into account when there is no client, and the guest list is constrained with only employees and their associates. This method comprises the computation of FBT liability upon the actual expense on the meal. As here the employee has authority to claim for a tax deduction (Roney, 1926). FBT liability = 0.49* Actual meal cost incurred *Gross up factor 50-50 Split Method As per this method the clients along with the employees and associates are considered on the guest list. Here FBT liability is computed on favour of the actual food expenses acquired by the employee (Chase, 1991). Using this method the employee can minimize the FBT liability since mean expenses are not deductible. It is thus crucial that to note that meal expenses on employees and associates remains deductible, and this amount is 50% of the actual cost. FBT liability = 0.49* 0.5* Actual meal cost incurred *Gross up factor Application Even though his employer pays the mobile bill of Alan, but it does not amount to any expense fringe benefit as the bill only had work related calls. Also, no FBT liability would arise on account of the mobile phone given by the employer to Alan as indicated in Section 58X, FBTAA 1986. School fees Fees amount paid by ABC = $ 20,000 It is known from the given information that it is not subject to GST, which implies that the gross-up factor would be 1.9608 Hence, FBT payable by ABC on account of school fees = 0.49 * 20000 * 1.9608= $19,215.84 Dinner a) The employer organizes the dinner at a Thai Restaurant, and so meal fringe benefit has been elongated to the invitees. Total employees invited for the dinner = 20 These were accompanied by their associated, and the actual food bill came out to be $ 6,600. Total money spent on food bill of the employees alone would be 50% of the total expense or $ 3,300. The above result in a per employee food bill amounts $ 165. It is considered that the meal fringe benefit is nominal and doesnt exceed the threshold value ($300). Thus there is no FBT liability seen here. B) As per the given info, the invitees count to only five employees having the same food bill. Hence it is now clear that meal fringe benefit per employee is nominal, and FBT liability can be introduced (Clark, 1990). The appropriate method is the actual method which the employee would find feasible to use. Meal Related FBT payable by ABC (Actual Method) = 0.49 * 6600 *2.1463 = $ 6,941.13 As GST has been paid upon food bill, so input credits will allow the company to reduce the tax burden marginally C) Now after the involvement of clients the guest composition seems to be altered at the dinner which would bring a shifting in the method plan from actual to 50:50 split methods. This corresponding FBT liability imposed on ABC is given under: Meal Related FBT payable by ABC (50:%0 Split Method) = 0.49* 0.5*6600 *2.1463 = $ 3,470.6 Conclusion As per the discussion above the employee, ABC has to pay FBT for the expense fringe benefit because of the fees and meal benefit (Chase, 1991). As seen the exact FBT liability according to meal fringe benefit fluctuates taking into consideration the guest composition and their count that are invited for dinner at Thai Restaurant. References Clark, G.R., 1990. Product Liability: an Examination of the Effect of the Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens on Australian Litigants in the United States of America.Bond L. Rev.,2, p.i. Chase, A.R., 1991. Lender Liability Paradox: A Fresh Approach, The.Tul. Envtl. LJ,5, p.1. Roney, E., 1926. Liability for Defects in the Manufacture of Machines Intrinsically Dangerous.U. Det. Bi-Monthly L. Rev.,10, p.70. Royse, R., 1987. Determining a Drawee Banks's Liability for Payment over the Forged Endorsement of a Co-Payee.Com. LJ,92, p.339. Schaller, J.P., Medaglia, M.E., Kelly, R.N. and LeBel, A.P., 1988. Excess, Surplus Lines and Reinsurance: Recent Developments in Umbrella and Excess Liability Insurance.

Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example Essay Example

Investigating the current through a wire Essay Example Paper Investigating the current through a wire Essay Introduction I am investigating how the length of a wire affects the current and resistance of a wire. Apparatus: 1. power supply of 2 V 2. Ammeter Investigating the current through a wire Essay Body Paragraphs 3. Voltmeter 4. Circuit Wires 5. Nichrome Wire 6. A meter ruler 7. Sellotape 8. Digital Voltmeter 9. Crocodile Clips Diagram: Detailed Method: I will set up the circuit as shown in the diagram above. Then I will start the experiment by attaching the 100 cm of nichrome wire to the metre ruler carefully, so there are no twists in the wire, which would affect the exactness of my results. Then I will switch on the power supply and make sure that a constant voltage is flowing through the circuit. I will then record the current flowing through the wire from a digital .. using different lengths. I will record the current every 10 cm. From a 100 cm down to a 90cm From 90cm down to 80cm, from 80cm down to 70cm, from 70cm down to 60cm, from 60cm down to 50cm, from 50cm down to 40cm, from 40cm down to 30cm, from 30cm down to 20cm, from 20cm down to 10cm. Since the wire will heat up I will wait a while after each measurement, so my results will not be influenced by the heat of the wire, whish sh ould make the experiment a fair test. I will repeat this experiment 5 times, so I can take the average current for each length. Prediction: I predict that if the length of a wire increases, the resistance will also increase in proportion to the length. The larger the wire, the more atoms present, so it is more likely that electrons will collide with the atoms. Resistance occurs when the electrons traveling along the wire collide with the atoms of the wire. These collisions slow down the flow of electrons causing resistance. Resistance is a measure of how hard it is to move the electrons through the wire. If the length of a wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many atoms, so the resistance will be doubled. In my experiment factors affecting the result will be 1. Temperature : If the wire is heated up the atoms in the wire will start to vibrate because the energy is increased. This causes more collisions between the electrons and the atoms because the atoms are moving int o the path of the electrons. This increase in collisions means that the resistance will increase. 2. Wire length : If the length of the wire is increased then the resistance will also increase because the electrons will have a longer distance to travel and so more collisions will occur. Due to this the length increase should be proportional to the resistance increase. The Ohm’s law Ohm’s Law is a formulation of the relationship of voltage, current, and resistance, expressed as: V = I x R Where: V is the Voltage measured in volts I is the Current measured in amperes R is the resistance measured in Ohms Therefore: Volts = Amps times Resistance Results: I will put my results in a table to show my different measurements. I made the experiment 5 times with each wire. I used a thicker and a thinner nichrome wire to show the difference. I will put my results of each attempt in a table, showing the length, voltage and current. Then I will calculate the resistance using the equ ation R = V / I. Results of the thicker wire Length in cm Voltage in V Current in A Resistance in Ohms 10 2 0.90, 0.98, 0.94, 0.94, 0.94 2.22, 2.04, 2.12, 2.12, 2.12 20 2 0.55, 0.69, 0.60, 0.68, 0.64 3.63, 2.89, 3.33, 2.94, 3.12 30 2 0.4, 0.47, 0.48, 0.48, 0.47 5.00, 4.25, 4.16, 4.16, 4.25 40 2 0.31, 0.39, 0.38, 0.38, 0.35 6.45, 5.12, 5.26, 5.26, 5.71 50 2 0.26, 0.32, 0.31, 0.29, 0.30 7.69, 6.25, 6.45, 6.89, 6.67 60 2 0.24, 0.26, 0.27, 0.26, 0.27 8.33, 7.69, 7.40, 7.69, 7.40 70 2 0.23, 0.22, 0.24, 0.24, 0.23 8.69, 9.09, 8.33, 8.33, 8.69 80 2 0.21, 0.20, 0.21, 0.21, 0.21 9.52, 10.00, 9.52, 9.52, 9.52 90 2 0.19, 0.18, 0.19, 0.18, 0.19 10.52, 11.11, 10.52, 11.11, 10.52 100 2 0.16, 0.16, 0.17, 0.17, 0.16 12.50, 12.50, 1176, 11.76, 12.50 Now I will put the results of the thinner wire in a table Results of the thinner wire Length in cm Voltage in V Current in A Resistance in Ohms 10 1 0.30, 0.30, 0.31, 0.29, 0.31 3.33, 3.33, 3.22, 3.44, 3.22 20 1 0.19, 0.19, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 5.26, 5.26, 5.00, 5.00, 5.00 30 1 0.15, 0.14, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15 6.66, 7.14, 6.67, 6.67, 6.67 40 1 0.12, 0.11, 0.12, 0.11, 0.12 8.33, 90.9, 8.33, 9.09, 8.33 50 1 0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10, 0.10 10.00, 10.00, 10.00, 10.00, 10.00 60 1 0.07, 0.09, 0.09, 0.09, 0.08 14.28, 11.11, 11.11, 11.11, 12.50 70 1 0.07, 0.09, 0.07, 0.08, 0.07 14.2811.11, 14.28, 12.50, 14.28 80 1 0.07, 0.07, 0.06, 0.07, 0.07 14.2814.28, 16.67, 14.28, 14.28 90 1 0.06, 0.05, 0.06, 0.06, 0.06 16.67, 20.00, 16.67, 16.67, 16.67 100 1 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05, 0.05 20.00, 20.00, 20.00, 20.00, 20.00 I will now calculate the average current and resistance for each length and then draw a graph with these results. Average results of the thicker wire: Length in cm Voltage in Volts Current in Amps Resistance in Ohms 10 2 0.94 2.124 20 2 0.632 3.182 30 2 0.46 4.364 40 2 0.362 5.56 50 2 0.296 6.79 60 2 0.26 7.702 70 2 0.232 8.614 80 2 0.208 9.616 90 2 0.186 10.756 100 2 0.164 12.204 Average results of the thinner wire: Length in cm Voltage in Volt s Current in Amps Resistance in Ohms 10 1 0.302 3.296 20 1 0.190 5.104 30 1 0.148 6.762 40 1 0.116 8.634 50 1 0.098 10.00 60 1 0.082 12.022 70 1 0.072 13.29 80 1 0.068 14.758 90 1 0.058 17.336 100 1 0.050 20.00 Analysing As you can see, on the graph â€Å"length against average resistance of the thicker nichrome wire† the length is proportional to the resistance of the thicker nichrome wire. The graph is almost a straight line, which means that the resistance is proportional to the length. I predicted that if the length of a wire increases, the resistance will also increase in proportion to the length. The larger the wire, the more atoms present, so it is more likely that electrons will collide with the atoms. Also if the length of the wire was trebled or quadrupled then the resistance would also treble or quadruple. The graph â€Å"Length against Average resistance of the thinner nichrome wire† is shown. Again, the graph is almost a straight line, which means that the resistance is proportional to the length. This proves again that my prediction was correct. Also if the length of the wire was trebled or quadrupled then the resistance would also treble or quadruple. Evaluation I can see from my graph that my results were quite reliable. All the points, lie almost on a straight line apart from one being very close to that line. The reason for this could have been due to a number of different factors. Firstly the temperature of the wire changed during my experiment, as the wire got hotter, which could have led to slight errors in my result. There also were small twists in the wire, which affected the accuracy of my result as well. However I repeated the experiment 5 times and then calculated the average current through the wire. The crocodile clips could have affected the fairness of the experiment as well. They are a different type of metal from the nichrome wire and may have different properties which means a different resistance. Most errors in my experiment probably occurred while measuring the wire. This is because it was not very easy to hold a piece of wire straight, while holding it next to a ruler and then trying to connect the crocodile clips to the wire. Also I do not think that the crocodile clips were always connected correctly to the wire with a good connection. This also meant that they were easy to move around on the wire changing the length of it It was hard for me to read the Current since it changed between two numbers on the ammeter. It took a long time until I could decide on the final current, which affected the accuracy of my result again, since the wire got hotter. I don’t think that taking any more results could have made them more accurate. I could have improved my results by writing down the change in voltage and see how it affects my results, or taking the measurements every 5 cm. Further experiments I could have done related to the resistance of a wire could be to see whether the material w ould make a difference in the resistance of a wire. I don’t think I could really improve on the way the experiment was done. I also found that the experiment was quite easy to set up, as it was simple and uncomplicated. 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